A Simple Truth

   (Electro-Magnetism redefined)

By : Arvind Bhagwath

 Let me start straight, why does everything in the universe, from galaxies down to atoms, electrons spin? 

What makes them to spin in exact same axis? 

First, what are the forces causing the rotation?

------ One of the most basic law of nature that resulted in discovery/inventions on thousands of electrical/electronic appliances was due to interrelation between electric and magnetic field.

In nature, electric field and the magnetic field are interlinked.

 The Simple Truth is :   "Changing magnetic field induce an electric field and changing electric field 

create magnetic field". 

Generation of electric current and working principles of many electrical/electronic appliance is due to same principle as mentioned above.

When concerned to spin we find in universe, atoms and electrons, I always believed that these rotations are caused by some electro-magnetic field. 

Magnetism was my object of curiosity. From our school days we have experimented and have learnt that magnets attract specific metals, and they have north and south poles. Opposite poles attract each other while like poles repel.

 We also have learnt that Magnetic and electrical fields are related and these basics have been used in variety of inventions.

Electro-magnetic forces form vital components in CRT televisions, speakers, microphones, generators, transformers, electric motors, computer hard disk, cassette tapes, compasses etc.

Let us go still deeper and investigate them.

When we see some electrical objects rotating, example electric fans, we know that they have an electric motor to carry out the task. Functioning of an electric motor helps us to understand all about magnets and the forces that cause rotation.

A motor uses magnets to create motion and using the fundamental law of all magnets (Opposites attract and likes repel), these attracting and repelling forces create rotational motion.

But why do magnets attract specific metals? What causes opposite poles to get attracted and likes repel?

 When we speak about electric motor, we move electrical charges to create magnetic field. This is also true in permanent magnets as well.

But we need know that magnetic field actually comes from the movement of electrons.

 Electrons in atom’s nucleus spin in the way planets spin around Sun. If one of the electrons in a pair spins upward, the other spins downward. It's impossible for both of the electrons in a pair to spin in the same direction. This is part of a quantum-mechanical principle known as the Pauli Exclusion Principle. Since paired electrons spin in opposite directions, their magnetic fields cancel one another out.

 Atoms of ferromagnetic elements, on the other hand, have several unpaired electrons that have the same spin. Iron, for example, has four unpaired electrons with the same spin. Because they have no opposing fields to cancel their effects, these electrons have an orbital magnetic moment. A whole magnet's magnetic moments come from the moments of all of its atoms.

  In metals like iron, the orbital magnetic moment encourages nearby atoms to align along the same north-south field lines. Iron and other ferromagnetic materials are crystalline. As they cool from a molten state, groups of atoms with parallel orbital spin line up within the crystal structure. You may have noticed that the materials that make good magnets are the same as the materials magnets attract. This is because magnets attract materials that have unpaired electrons that spin in the same direction. In other words, the quality that turns a metal into a magnet also attracts the metal to magnets. Many other elements are diamagnetic -- their unpaired atoms create a field that weakly repels a magnet. A few materials don't react with magnets at all.

But my basic question is why moving electric charges produce magnetic field? Is the magnetic field nothing but minute opposite electric charges again around the charged body?

Till now we have investigated that atoms are composed of three particles with an electric charge: electrons, protons and uncharged neutrons. Electrons have a negative charge, and protons have a positive charge. The negative charge of the electron has the same magnitude, or amount of charge, as the positive charge of the proton.

Electrical charge is quantized, with the smallest unit of electrical charge found in a single electron or proton. If we double the number of electrons or protons, we double the amount of negative or positive electric charge. If we triple the electrons or protons, we triple the electric charge. By increasing the amount of single unit electric charges, we have a net charge. A net charge is the summed value of single electrical charges.

What happens when we keep removing Valence electrons from a group of neutral atoms? We end up with a group of positive ions and a group of free Valence electrons. Each group has a net positive or net negative electrical charge. We can call each charged group a body of charge.

In the 18th century, Charles Augustin de Coulomb set up an experiment using the early version of what we call a Torsion Balance to observe how charged pith balls reacted to each other. These pith balls represented point charges; point charges are charged bodies that are very small when compared to the distance between them. Coulomb observed two behaviors about electric force:

1. The magnitude of electric force between two point charges is directly proportional to the product of the charges.

2. The magnitude of the electric force between two point charges is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.

So Let's start. What exactly is magnetic field? What are the objects that create magnetic field?

Since electrons in atoms are negatively charged, using one of electrostatic principle, there should be opposite charges around them to balance the charges that electrons have.

Hence, I believe that there are minute charged body around the electrons again and these are the objects that actually cause the magnetic flux.

Consider if the electrons spin around the nucleus, then the minute charged body surrounding the electrons should spin again around the electrons.

Again, since we have learnt that electrical charge is quantized, number of these minute charged bodies should be proportional to amount electric charge in electrons.

I will name the minute charged bodies around electrons as  mX-tron. Since the electrons are said to carry negative charges, then mx-tron should carry positive charges and if we 

consider single mx-tron, I guess the charges can be ignored, since they should be very minimal.

The positive charges of mX-tron actually helps the electrons spin around the nucleus. The negatively charged electrons actually tends to get an some attractive force from positively 

charged protons in nucleus. But the minute positive charges around electrons actually repel with positive charges of protons in the nucleus and I believe this cause the spin

movement of electrons around nucleus.

When the electrons or any charged body spin, we see that magnetic current is produced around them and the matter associated is from mX-Trons.

Atoms of ferromagnetic elements, which have several unpaired electrons that have the same spin have no opposing fields to cancel their effects, these electrons have an 

orbital magnetic moment. A current of mX-trons from several electrons add each other to produce what felt combined magnetic field.

How do we define Di-polar nature exhibited by magnets?

If you had played with bar magnets and noticed the behaviour properly, you notice that like poles repel each other and unlike poles attract each other. 

But as I believe, mX-trons cause the magnetic flux and they should be minute positive charged bodies around electrons working as the 

actual objects in magnetic flux. So when you actually try to bring like poles against each other, naturally they should repel, since combined 

mX-tron charges (positive) repel with combined mX-tron charges (positive) of other magnet. 

But if you use a force greater than the repulsive force, they actually they get attracted towards each other and act as a single bar 

magnet exhibiting combined Di-polar nature again.

This means, the mX-tron charges show a combined force. Which again as per law of nature exhibits force or flux moving from high polarity

 (North pole) to lower polarity (South pole).

And when we bring unlike poles against each other, we see an attractive force. If you notice the magnetic flux produced by bar magnet, you will easily understand this principle. The

magnetic flux moves from north pole to south pole and naturally there is a force for unlike poles to get attracted and once attracted they exhibit or work as a single magnet exhibiting 

combined Di-polar nature again.

The working principle of mX-tron actually helps me to explain many theories in-depth and contradict some.

We have seen and used several electronic appliances such as Radio, Television, Mobile phones etc. All these devices work using electro-magnetic waves to transmit and 

receive the signals.

Radio and telephone are devices that convert sound energy into electrical and vice versa, the television wirelessly transmits electromagnetic waves and converts them 

into sound and light energy for viewing. For example in Television, a camera scans an image with an electron beam and converts it into electronic signals for transmission 

via antenna, antenna converts the electrical signals into electromagnetic waves. The information is then broadcasted and received by a device that run the process in reverse, 

using the cathode-ray tube by scanning the image for viewing.

What is electro-magnetic wave?

Electromagnetic radiation is a self-propagating wave in space or through matter. Electromagnetic radiation has an electric and magnetic field component which oscillate in phase 

perpendicular  to each other and to the direction of energy propagation.

So when I speak about electric and magnetic field component oscillate in phase perpendicular to each other, I speak electric waves from electron charge and charges of mX-tron 

perpendicular to each other.

This is natural, since mx-trons spin around the electrons and when an electric signals is sent to antenna, naturally a wave is created with these oscillating perpendicular to each other.

Electromagnetic radiation are classified into types according to the frequency of the wave.

---radio waves, microwaves, terahertz radiation, infrared radiation, visible light, ultraviolet radiation, X-rays and gamma rays. Of these, radio waves have the longest wavelengths 

and Gamma rays have the shortest. 

A frequencies of wave, called visible spectrum or light, is sensed by the eye of various organisms, with variations of the limits of this narrow spectrum. 

How is a visible spectrum created? How do we actually see objects?

Visible spectrum which is sensed by our eyes or eyes of various organisms, can be artificially created by some of electric equipments such as bulbs, tube lights etc. 

Naturally, radiant energy emitted by the sun from a nuclear fusion reaction creates Electromagnetic Wave. The reaction creates various waves such as infrared radiation, 

visible light, ultraviolet radiation etc. Only a small frequencies of wave is sensed by our eyes and they are referred as visible spectrum.

In Sun, during a nuclear fusion reaction, electrons (E) absorb energy, they move to higher energy levels (become `excited e - E+1') and when E fall back to lower energy levels they 

must lose this energy by emitting radiation, usually as photons of light. 

Artificially to create light, In our electric tube lights, a potential difference is created between terminals. The electrical energy passing through the gas inside the tube causes the gas 

to give off photons of light.

The electrons (E) of the gas atoms absorb energy due to potential energy, and they move to higher energy levels (become `excited e - E+1') and when E fall back to lower energy levels they 

must lose this energy by emitting radiation, usually as photons of light. 

This is as per theory we have learnt till now. I contradict this theory for many reasons.

I still believe that electrons do not jump from lower levels to higher levels when exited and then jump back from higher levels to lower by emitting the energy as radiation. 

But actually gets repelled due to magnetic force with that of magnetic force exhibited by electrons in same axis. The frequency in which the electrons move or gets repelled in its own axis 

emits the electro-magnetic light radiation.

When I speak about magnetic force, I refer to force by mX-trons.

mX-trons which spin around electrons work as the actual objects in magnetic flux which cause attractive/repulsive force

If the magnetic force by the external electro-magnetic radiation is too higher than that of force required for the electrons to spin around the nucleus, then the electrons are 

thrown out of axis as free electron.

This also explains why we see different colors in different objects when exposed to light radiation. 

Basically all atoms are colorless. 

The radiation from Sun results in Photoelectric effect on atoms. When an external electromagnetic radiation hits a atom, we see that electrons exhibits force by external radiation 

and gets exited

As I believe, electrons spin around nucleus with an measured attractive-repulsive force. If an external electro-magnetic radiation is exposed on atoms, then the magnetic force by these 

radiation repels only those electrons which should be more than the force required for the electrons to spin around the nucleus and the frequency in which the electrons move or gets 

repelled in its own axis emits the electro-magnetic light radiation and exhibits colors.

The electrons are not removed from the atoms, but it is getting repelled in its own axis here and there. The vibrating frequency of these electrons in its same axis 

exhibits colors in visible spectrum.

Different atoms have different force that they help electrons spin around its axis. Hence different atoms exhibits different color when exposed to light radiation.

Further, as mentioned above, if the magnetic force by the external electro-magnetic radiation is too higher than that of force required for the electrons to spin around the nucleus, 

then the electrons are thrown out of axis as free electron. The removal or addition of electrons in atoms will change the chemical equation and results creating/breaking bonds.

Take any matter in this universe, they are made by following main elements : 

oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, phosphorus, Potassium, Sulfur, Chlorine, Sodium, Magnesium, Iron, Cobalt, Copper, Zinc, Iodine, Selenium, Fluorine.

Again these elements are composed of three particles with an electric charge: electrons, protons and uncharged neutrons. 

Some elements such as Hydrogen or ferromagnetic materials with unpaired electrons with the same spin results in combined magnetic flux come from the moments of all of its atoms. 

The attractive and repulsive force results in spin like what we see in electric motors. The same principle in atoms, the same principle in universe, the same principle in galaxies. 

After all,  all the matter in this universe are made up by same elements.

With this article, I am confident that this theory should explain why everything in the universe, from galaxies down to atoms, electrons spin.

Further, the electro-magnetic force forms the vital component for every action or movement. Read more about force behind formation of life in my next article "Decoding Life"